A co z polowymi w cz. odpowiedzialnej za ładowanie Aku ? Popatrz w ok. złazca Aku czyli układ Battery Input Ten BQ komunikuje się po szynie SMBus Pczytaj datasheet na - BQ24765 SMBus-Controlled Multi-Chemistry Battery Charger With Integrated Power MOSFETs Link * podobny BQ24770 Link - lub BQ24730RG (QFN40) Na org. BQ24760/ 24760T nie ma datasheet, obudowa QFN40 / LDQFN-28 Popatrz str.39-40 SM pod platformę Wistron_Storm Link_ Wistron_Storm http://obrazki.elektroda.pl/3837472300_1498027237_thumb.jpg Ten sam charger wraz z ukł. Battery Input pokazano w SM od IBM , platforma Wistron . Dasher-2 (LDB-2 91.4RA01.001)
Battery Charging Technology
May 2015
Speaker: John Hsiao
Applications
Power Banks
Power Tools
Energy Harvesting
Solar Power
Portable
Industrial
PDAs
Industrial
Lighting
Forklifts
Uninterruptable
Power Supply (UPS)
Portable Industrial PCs
Surgical Systems
Industrial
Automotives
Automotive
E-bikes
Wireless
Power
(Medical)
Fitness
Watches
Handheld
Medical
Hybrid Electrical
Vehicles (HEVs)
Portable
Doppler
Imaging
Medical Tablets
Blood Glucose
Monitoring
Racing Bikes
Barcode
Scanners
All Terrain
Vehicles (ATVs)
Boats
Agenda
Li-ion battery cell Characteristics and Charging algorithm
Linear and Switching Charger
Dynamic Power Path Management
Turbo boost and NVDC charger analysis
Fast charging / USB Type C/PD
Wireless Charging
Li-ion battery cell
Characteristics and Charging
algorithm
Rechargeable Battery Options
• Lead Acid
• NiCd
Volumetric energy density (Wh/L)
↑ 100 years of fine service!
↓ Heavy, low energy density,
toxic materials
↑ High cycle count, low cost
↓ Toxic heavy metal, low
energy density
600
• NiMH
↑ Improvement in capacity
over NiCd
↓ High self-discharge
500
Li-ion
400
Lipolymer
300
• Lithium Ion / Polymer
Ni-MH
200
Ni-Cd
100
Lead Acid
0
0
50
100
150
Gravimetric energy density (Wh/kg)
200
↑ High Energy density, low
self-discharge
↓ Cost, external electronics
required for battery
management
18650 Li-Ion Cell Capacity Development Trend
3500
18650 Cell
8%
2500
2000
65mm
Cell Capacity mAh
3000
1500
1000
500
0
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
• 18650: Cylindrical, 65mm length, 18mm diameter
• 8% yearly capacity increase over last 15 years
• Capacity increase has been delayed from 2010
• Li-Ion Battery Tutorial, Florida battery seminar
18mm
Li-Ion 18650 Discharge
at Various Temperatures
• Organic electrolyte makes internal resistance of Li-Ion
battery more temperature dependent than other batteries
Self-heating Effect Lowers the Internal Impedance
Effect of Impedance Increase on Runtime
Battery Voltage (V)
4.5
Fresh Battery
Aged Battery with 100 Cycles
4.0
3.5
3.0
0
0.5
1.0
Time (h)
1.5
2.0
• Change of no-load capacity during 100 cycles & lt; 1%
• Also, after 100 cycles, impedance doubles
• Double impedance results in 7% decrease in runtime
Charge Voltage Affects Battery Service Life
1100
Cell Capacity (mAh)
1000
900
4.2 V
800
700
600
4.3 V
500
400
4.35 V
0
100
200
300
400
Number of Cycles
4.25 V
500
600
• The higher the voltage, the higher the initial capacity
• Overcharging shortens battery cycle life
Source: “Factors that affect cycle-life and possible degradation mechanisms of
a Li-Ion cell based on LiCoO2,” Journal of Power Sources 111 (2002) 130-136
Recoverable Capacity (%)
Shelf-life, Degradation without Cycling
200C at 4.1 V
100
200C at 4.2 V
80
60
600C at 4.1 V
40
600C at 4.2 V
20
0
1
3
5
7
Months
9
11
13
• If battery sits on the shelf too long, capacity will decrease
• Degradation accelerates at higher temperatures and voltages
• Depending on chemistry, there are specific recommendations for
best storage conditions
Source: M. Broussely et al at Journal of Power Sources 97-98 (2001)
Charge Current versus Battery Degradation
Cell Capacity (mAh)
900
1.0C
800
1.1C
1.3C
1.5C
700
600
500
2.0C
0
100
200
300
400
Number of Cycles
500
600
• Charge Current: Limited to 1C rate to prevent overheating that can
accelerate degradation
• Some new cells can handle higher-rate
Source: “Factors that affect cycle-life and possible degradation mechanisms of
a Li-Ion cell based on LiCoO2,” Journal of Power Sources 111 (2002) 130-136
Li-Ion CC-CV Charge Curve
“CV”
“CC”
Linear and Switching Charger
Host and Standalone charger
Linear or Switch-Mode Charger…
• Same type of decision as whether to use an LDO or a DC/DC converter
– Low current, simplest solution Linear Charger
– High Current, high efficiency Switch-Mode Charger
• General Guideline ~ 1A and higher should use switching charger… or,
if you need to maximize charge rate from a current-limited USB port
Charging from a Current-Limited Source
• USB port limited to 500mA
• But… w/ Switching charger, can charge & gt; 500 mA
500 mA
ICHG =?
VBAT
USB
+
VIN
Charge
Controller
Charger
•
•
•
•
•
500-mA Current Limit
40% more charge current with switcher
Full use of USB Power
Shorter charging time
Higher efficiency, lower temperature
Charge Current (A)
1
0.9
Switching Charger
0.8
0.7
0.6
Linear Charger
0.5
0.4
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8
Battery Voltage (V)
ICHG_sw=
4
VIN
• η • 500mA
VBAT
4.2
Standalone Charger
• Standalone charger:
– HW controlled - No system controller(MCU)
– Set critical parameters with resistors or pullup/pulldowns
– Fixed functionality
Host – Controlled Charger
SPI or I2C
PMIC
System Host
SMPS
AC Adapter
DC-
3 V / 5V
Chemical Fuse
Pack+
DC+
Charger IC
1-4 Cells
Host Controlled
SMBus
or
Stand Alone
System Rails
Multi-Rail
Fuel Gauge IC
CLK
I2C / SMBus
Protection
Over /Under Voltage
Temp Sensing
DATA
Temp
Gauging
Charge Control
Authentication
Charger setting based on
which battery pack(2S/3S/4S)
was connected.
Chg
Dsg
AFE IC
VCELL1
Analog Interface
Over Current
Cell Balancing
VCELL2
Voltage ADC
Current ADC
Pack-
Secondary
Safety
Over Voltage
Protection IC
(Optional)
Sense
Resistor
Li-Ion Battery Pack
Dynamic Power Path Management
Simplest Charger Architecture
• Some possible concerns / issues:
– What happens when battery is very low?
– What happens if battery is missing or defective?
– If system is operating, how can charger determine if battery current has
reached a termination level?
DC Source
System
Charger IC
Power Path Management
• Power supplied from adapter through Q1; Charge current controlled by Q2
• Separates charge current path from system current path; No interaction
between charge current and system current
• Ideal topology when powering system and charging battery simultaneously is a
requirement
Power delivering
Adaptor supplies power to both SYSTEM and battery charger switching
regulator through Q1 and Q2 ACFET when both adaptor and battery on the
system.
Power delivering
Battery supplies power to SYSTEM through Q3 BATFET when only battery
on the system.
Without Dynamic power path management
Could we use adaptor power rating & lt; Max
system power + Max charging power?
Adaptor
OCP
Input
current
Charging current
System current
Non-DPM function charger solution. As charging current in constant current
charging and system current increased, total input current reach adaptor
maximum power limit results system voltage crashed.
With Dynamic power path management
Lower power rating adaptor can be used
with DPPM function
With Dynamic Power Management control scheme, charging current reduced
when total input current reached I(DPM) threshold. Battery charger regulate
input current in constant by dynamic adjust charging current.
Turbo boost and NVDC charger
analysis
Turbo Boost Charger
ISYS3
IADP DPM Loop
Adapter
RAC
Sys
ISYS
ISYS1
DPM Mode
Q1
+
Control
Loops
L
Q3
ISYS
IADP
Adapter Current
Limit
Q2
+
-
RSNS
+
-
IDISCHG
Vref
ICHG
ICHG1
Input Current
Regulation
BAT
Sys
IDISCHG1
Time
• Use existing input DPM loop to support turbo mode t1
t2
• Charger change from buck mode to boost mode when system current
is higher than adapter max allowed current
NVDC Charger
ISYS3
IADP DPM Loop
Adapter
RAC
Sys
ISYS
DPM Mode
ISYS1
Q1
+
Control
Loops
L
ISYS
IADP
Adapter Current
Limit
Q2
+
-
RSNS
+
-
IDISCHG
Vref
ICHG
ICHG1
Input Current
Regulation
BAT
Sys
• Use existing input DPM loop
• System load voltage equal to battery voltage
Time
IDISCHG1
t1
t2
Turbo Boost vs. NVDC
Fast charging / USB Type C/PD
Fast Charging
5V2A (default)
9V or 12V2A after
MaxChargeTM Handshake
Handshaking is achieved
between charger and adapter
I2C
Application
Processor
1S
MaxChargeTM
Master
Micro USB
Connector
D+
D-
AC Adapter
D+
D-
MaxChargeTM
Slave
VBUS
VBUS
Charger
bq25890
VFB
GND
GND
AC-DC
Fast Chargeing - Current Pulse Control on VBUS
5V (default) 7V / 9V / 12V
after Handshake
Handshaking is achieved
between charger and adapter
through VBUS current change
I2C
Application
Processor
1S
Micro USB
Connector
Handshake
Master
VBUS
VBUS
Charger
bq25890/2 GND
GND
High Voltage
Adapter
IRComp to Reduce CV Time
VREG
CC Mode ONLY
4.2V
VREG
ICHG
C
CC: t1
+
ICHG
-
VREG
VREG
4.2V
OCV
CC/CV
R
C
R C
ICHG
+
+
-
- OCV
I×R
CC: t1
CV: t2
Goal:
VREG = 4.2V + IR (R = Rdson + Rsense+ Trace resistance)
• Speed up the charge cycle by compensating the battery pack parasitic
resistance (IR compensation).
32
Fast Charging with IR Compensation
5500
4500
4000
4500
3500
3000
Current (Ichg=4.5A)
Voltage (Ichg=4.5A,IRComp)
2500
Voltage(Ichg=4.5A)
2500
2000
1500
1500
Charge Voltage (mV)
Charge Current (mA)
3500
Current (Ichg=4.5A,IRcomp)
1000
500
500
-500
0
50
100
150
200
Charge Time (minute)
250
300
0
VBUS=12V, Battery Capacity = 29.6Whr
17% Longer Charge Time without IR Compensation (234 min vs. 200 min)
• Improved IR Compensation Configurations
• Resistance range
• Safe Voltage Clamp range
33
Why USB Type C ?
• Smaller size same size connector as uB
• Richer content 3.1, DP, TB
• Higher power 100W
• Better user experience Flippable, no more host and device specific cable and connector
• More customization with standardized mechanical dimensions
Type C Connection
Host
Device
Power Supply Options
Wireless Charging
Factors Affecting Coupling Efficiency
• Coil Geometry
– Distance (z) between coils
– Ratio of diameters (D2 / D) of the
two coils ideally D2 = D
– Physical orientation
• Quality factor
– Ratio of inductance to resistance
– Geometric mean of two Q factors
• Near field allows TX to
“see” RX
• Good Efficiency when
coils displacement is
less than coil diameter
(z & lt; & lt; D)
Factors Affecting Coupling Efficiency
Optimal operating distance
40% at 1 diameter
1% at 2.5 diameter
0.1% at 4 diameters
0.01% at 6 diameters
bq50k + bq51K: Qi-Compliant Solution
Power
Communication / Feedback
Communication – How it works…
Switching Frequency Variation
• System operates near
resonance for improved
efficiency.
• Power control by changing
the frequency, moving along
the resonance curve.
Operating Point
• Modulation using the power
transfer coils establishes the
communications.
• Feedback is transferred to the
primary as error.
80 KHz
100 KHz
120 KHz
Where To Start
Selection Tools – Choosing the Right Fit
Battery Chargers Selection Tool
A powerful tool that will help to select exactly the
right product to suit your customers needs in a
user friendly and highly efficient way.
http://focus.ti.com/en/download/aap/selectiontool
s/battery-chargers/tool.htm
TI.com Parameter Searches
Enter the parametric answers to the questions in
this presentation into the easy-to-use search
section and pick from a number of suitable
devices with quick and easy links to data-sheets,
pricing and more.
http://focus.ti.com/en/download/aap/selectiontool
s/battery-chargers/tool.htm
Design Tools
The Power Stage Designer™ Tool 2.1 helps you
design the power stage of the most commonly used
switch mode power supplies. This tool is a great
assistance for getting a deeper understanding of
voltages and current flows inside converters.
This new revised Power Stage Designer™ Tool 2.1.
also offers you the ease of automatically transferring
all given parameters directly into WEBENCH® and
PowerLab™.
Wireless and Low Power Charging
bq25570
bq24140
bq5105xB
Boost Charger + Buck
Ultra Low IQ
Bq25504/5
Boost Charger
Ultra low IQ
Performance
TPS62736
1.5A, Dual input, OTG
Direct Li-Ion charger
4.2V or 4.35V opt
bq24270
bq52013B
1.5A, 20V input
Power path
5V, Output, 1A
20V input max
Wireless Power
supply
bq24187
330na Ultra Low Iq DCDC Buck
High efficiency
2A, 30V input
OTG
bq2407x
1.5 A, 28V input
Power path
bq2423x
0.5A, 28V input max
Power path,
Bq24040/45,50
0.8A, 30V input max
24050 : D+/D24045 : 4.35V Vbatreg
1A, 30V input max
Power path,
bq24156A
1.25A, 20V input max
USB OTG: 5V,
200mA
3A, 30V input max
OTG: 1A out Power path
bq2416x
2.5A, 20V input max
Power path
Dual inputs
bq2425x
2.0A, 20V input max
USB2.0, 3.0
BC1.2 certified
Auto detect setting for
100/500/900ma USB
CDP/DCP detect
Power path
1.5A, 20V input max
USB500ma
Bq24090/95
1A, 12V input max
24095 : 4.35V Vbatreg
& lt; 1A
Linear
Bq24157/8
bq25060
bq2426x
1A
OVP/OCP
Protection
Bq24231x/5x
OVP and OCP
1.25 A
Switch-Mode
1.5 A
Wireless Power
2A - 4.5A
46
High Power Chargers
1-3 Cells with iFET
bq24170/1/2
1-4 Cells SMBus Charger
bq24707A
• 28V, 1-4 Cells
• DPM, 750kHz
• 3.5x3.5 QFN-20
bq24735/25A
•
•
•
•
•
28V, 1-4 Cells
Turbo Boost (735)
DPM, 750kHz
N-FETs Selector
3.5x3.5 QFN-20
bq24760
•
•
•
•
•
28V, 1-4 Cells
6A iFET
Turbo Boost
DPM, 750kHz
5x5 QFN-40
•
•
•
•
Ultrabook
NVDC-1, 800kHz
28V, 2-3 Cells
N-FET PowerPath
3.5x3.5 QFN-20
pin-pin bq24725
1-7 Cells Standalone Li-Ion
Supercap, and Solar Charger
bq24190/1/2/3
bq24715
•
•
•
•
•
•
4A iFET, 20V, 1-3 Cell
2.5A iFET,bq24133
Standalone
3.5x5.5 QFN-24
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
20V, 1-Cell; I2C
NVDC-1, USB2.0/3.0
4.5A iFET, 1.5MHz
1.3A OTG (bq24190/2)
12mΩ Rdson BATFET
IR compensation
4x4 QFN-24
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
bq24295/6/7
•
•
•
•
5V, 1-Cell; I2C
NVDC-1, USB2.0/3.0
3A iFET, 1.5A OTG
P2P w/bq2419x
bq2410x/12x
• 20V, 1-3 Cells
• 1.5A iFET, 1.1MHz
• 3.5x4.5 QFN-20
Released
bq24640
bq24610/6/7/8
30V, 1-6Cells
600kHz; & gt; 10A
DPM, PowerPath
Standalone
4x4 QFN-24
JEITA: bq24616
4.75V Vin, bq24618
bq24630/20
•
•
•
•
•
1-7Cell LiFePO4
300kHz; & gt; 10A
DPM, PowerPath
Standalone
4x4 QFN-24
bq200x
• NiMH/NiCd charger
•Lead Acid Charger
Development
•
•
•
•
•
Super Capacitor
30V, 1-6Cells
600kHz; 0.5A-10A
Standalone
3.5x3.5 QFN-16
bq24130
•
•
•
•
SuperCap, Li-Ion
600kHz;
iFET up to 4A
3.5x4.5 QFN-20
bq24650
•
•
•
•
•
Solar Charger
MPPT
600kHz; 0.2A-10A
Standalone
3.5x3.5 QFN-16
47
47
Q & A
48
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